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“Free Speech on Campus: What Students Think about First Amendment Issues”

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GALLUP/KNIGHT FOUNDATION(2017)

College students generally endorse First Amendment ideals in the abstract. The vast majority say free speech is important to democracy and favor an open learning environment that promotes the airing of a wide variety of ideas. However, the actions of some students in recent years—from milder actions such as claiming to be threatened by messages written in chalk promoting Trump’s candidacy to the most extreme acts of engaging in violence to stop attempted speeches—raise issues of just how committed college students are to upholding First Amendment ideals.

Most college students do not condone more aggressive actions to squelch speech, like violence and shouting down speakers, although there are some who do. However, students do support many policies or actions that place limits on speech, including free speech zones, speech codes and campus prohibitions on hate speech, suggesting that their commitment to free speech has limits. As one example, barely a majority think handing out literature on controversial issues is “always acceptable.”

Further, college students acknowledge that campus norms can act to deter speech—a larger majority than a year ago perceive that their campus climate prevents some people from expressing their ideas for fear of offending others. Also, students perceive that some groups on campus have a lesser ability to voice their opinions than other groups do.

Issues surrounding the First Amendment can present dilemmas for college officials, as they attempt to address student concerns about campus matters in a way that does not infringe on other students’ First Amendment rights. Some actions colleges have taken have been perceived by students, opinion leaders, public officials and the courts as going too far in restricting those rights.

Every year new controversies arise, driven by technological advances in communication, evolving social mores and new cohorts of students entering college who may have different understandings of what the Constitution guarantees its citizens. As such, colleges will need to continue to keep First Amendment considerations in mind when deciding on policies to meet these new challenges.

COLLEGE STUDENTS ARE LESS LIKELY TO SEE FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS AS SECURE

As colleges across the country continue to grapple with the issue of free speech on campus, majorities of U.S. college students still feel the five freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution are secure in this country. However, they are less likely now than they were in 2016 to say each right is secure.

Compared with the 2016 survey, students now perceive the five freedoms as significantly less secure. This includes a 21-percentage-point decline in perceptions that freedom of the press is secure and nine-point declines for free speech, freedom of assembly and freedom to petition the government. Freedom of the press was viewed as the most secure right in 2016, but now it ranks only above freedom of assembly.

MAJORITIES OF STUDENTS CONSIDER BOTH SPEECH AND INCLUSION TO BE IMPORTANT TO DEMOCRACY

For a democracy to thrive, citizens must be able to express their views on important issues to inform their elected leaders about what they want them to do. But all citizens, regardless of their background, should have the same opportunity to express their views—something that has not always been the reality in democratic societies, including the U.S. Students place a high value on protecting free speech rights in a democracy: 56% say it is “extremely important” to do so, and 33% say it is “very important.” Nearly as many say promoting an inclusive society that welcomes diverse groups is extremely (52%) or very (31%) important to democracy.

While Democratic and Republican students are about equally likely to regard protecting free speech rights as important, Democrats are much more likely than Republicans are to say promoting an inclusive society is important. Only modest racial and gender differences exist for the perceived importance of an inclusive society that welcomes diverse groups.

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