In the essays you are trying to make connections between cultures: the characteristics they share and those they don’t. We are trying to learn in this class how a work of art communicates to us even if we don’t know the language of that culture or have a written record. So–always try to ground your observations with specific details from the works of art themselves. That is, if you say “The Spearbearer is an excellent example of an idealistic, naturalistic representation of the human figure” follow it by adding details from the statue that support that. The best essays will demonstrate that you have looked closely at the work of art.

In terms of writing mechanics: your essays should be examples of good, formal writing. They should have complete sentences, be grammatically correct, and proofread. It is not necessary to include images unless you are trying to draw attention to a specific detail.

Here are the questions I will ask:

1. Write a essay in which you compare Stonehenge, the pyramids of Giza, and the Parthenon. All three were places of particular spiritual significance–but what are the similarities and differences? How do purpose and beliefs tie to construction techniques and materials? Please write complete sentences and support your statements by drawing in specific details from the works of art.

2. Write an essay in which you compare how the following three sites reinforce the characteristics of the civilizations that produced them: the ziggurat at Ur, the Palace of Knossos, and the citadel at Mycenae. Consider construction and purpose, but because these are also large sites that included sculpture or frescoes in or around them, be sure to mention them to help support your comments about each site. Remember, you are comparing the sites–so do not just write a single paragraph about each one separately: consider the similarities and differences between each site. I will be looking to see the connections you make, so it will be more helpful to compare them on certain points rather than just describe them individually.

3. As we have seen, works of art in the ancient world had a purpose or role within society (they didn’t hang in museums). So, pick three examples from the list below, discuss how and why these works were made–what message did they try to convey to a viewer or what kind of experience did they evoke? Are there any similarities and differences between them? Remember–bring in appropriate terms to help make your comparison concrete.

The cave paintings at Lascaux

The Last Judgement of Hunefer

Gudea of Lagash (from the Temple of Geshti-nanna)

Menkaure and Khemerernebty

Laocoön

In your essay do not just write a description of each work without connecting it to the other two works you choose.

4. The representation of the human figure has been a constant theme in the civilizations we have studies. Pick three examples from the list below and discuss how the human figure is represented and how those choices can tell us something about the culture that produced it. What are the similarities and differences? Keep in mind how choice of materials can sometimes play a critical role in the purpose of a work. As I noted for the previous question, please draw out the similarities and differences that help us understand these civilizations rather than just describe each work sequentially.

Venus of Willendorf

The Seated Scribe

The Spearbearer

Nike of Samothrace

The Battle of Issus

Each question needs to contain 250-300 words.