Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature.

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)1)  Writers and philosophers tell us about human nature. Why do we also need psychology? A) Writers and philosophers ignore maladjustedB) Psychology allows a systematic understanding of human C) Writers and philosophers ignore human motivation.D) Psychology is concerned with values, which writers and philosophers  2)  Which of the following kinds of questions are not addressed by personality theory? A) questions about personality dynamics B) questions about personality description C) questions about personality development D)  questions about personality diffusion  3)  When we ask, “How do people adjust to their life situations?” and “How does their thought affect what they do,” we are asking questions about the               of personality. A) destinyB) dynamicsC) developmentD) description  4)  A diagnosis, made by a clinician, describes a person using A) aB) non-scientific C) a trait.D) a factor.  5)  A hypothesis is A) a proposal to change the way personality is developed, based on theoretical considerations.B) a statement saying how a theoretical construct can be C) a prediction about observations in research.D) an abstract statement telling how two theoretical constructs are  Final Examination      6)  Which statement best describes the relationship between theory and research? A) When research has become sophisticated, with good measuring instruments, theory is no longer necessary.B) Theory influences research by suggesting research ideas, but research has no impact on theory.C) Theory and research mutually influence one another.D) Theory and research are separate disciplines within personality psychology.  7)  A researcher is interested in testing the proposition that watching a lot of television causes increased aggressiveness among children at school. This can be tested by conducting an experiment in which the independent variable is A) watching a lot of B) aggressiveness.C) being in D) age.  8)  A               is a conceptual tool for understanding certain specified phenom- ena. A) theoryB) psychological testC) variableD) theoretical construct  9)  Tests, such as inkblot tests, which ask people to respond to ambiguous stimu- li, are called A) self-report B) projective tests.C) behavioral D) response measures.  10) Material that is not in awareness at a particular time, but that can readily be recalled if we try, is A) B) preconscious. C)       conscious.D)  Final Examination      11) Hypnosis is best described as A) an epileptic-like B) a fraudulent claim.C) a separate state of D) a state of great suggestibility.  12) The id functions according to A) tertiaryB) secondary C) primary process.D) the reality 13) Which of the defense mechanisms listed below is the most primitive? A) rationalizationB) identificationC) denialD) projection  14) A person who unconsciously hates a sibling, but consciously feels only love for the sibling, is using the defense mechanism of A)B) C) isolation.D) reaction  15) Attitudes toward money are, according to psychoanalytic theory, related to development during the                stage. A) phallicB) analC) oralD) latency  16) Sex roles, according to Freud, are learned at about age A) B) ten.C) D) four.  Final Examination      17)  Experimental research on memory finds that A) false memories can be created in highly neurotic subjects, but not in those who are psychologically well-adjusted.B) through suggestion, research subjects report false memories of being lost in a shoppingC) true memories and false memories can easily be distinguished using brain scans.D) false memories of childhood sexual abuse are easily created under laboratory conditions.  18) Modern researchers report that A) stress impairs animals’ memory in experimentalB) psychotic delusions are accompanied by changes in brain C) traumatic stress can influence brain functioning in humans.D) all of the above  19) The fact that Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed himself within the Christian symbols of his own heritage, rather than using symbols from other religious traditions, A) was evidence that he had not developed to his fullB) was consistent with Jung’s advice that people stay within the symbols and mythology of their ownC) would have been a disappointment to D) shows that he was prejudiced.  20) Compared to Freud, Jung’s theory is A) more concerned with early childhood B) mystical.C) less concerned with heredity. D) highly  21) When Jung and Freud first met A) they had much to talk about (13 hours worth!).B) they argued, and decided they could not be C) they planned to set up a joint therapy clinic.D) Jung asked to be Freud’s  Final Examination      22)  Jung refers to the total, integrated personality as A) the B) the Self.C) theD) the Great Mother.  23) Individuation is the process of A) finding a social identity.B) discovering one’s major personality C) re-centering in adult development.D) finding the one individual who will be a life-long love partner.  24) Jung suggested that the center of personality ought to be A) balanced between the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality. B) in the unconscious aspects of personality.C) in the conscious aspects of personality. D) outside of personality.  25) According to Jung, prejudice against racial minorities involves projection of the A) shadow.B) dominant C) animus.D)  26) A patient who has conflicted, unconscious, emotional ideas about his or her mother is said (in Jungian theory) to have A) anB) a mother C) a Great Mother.D) a  27) Jung devised the Word Association Test in order to explore A) the collective B) complexes.C) active D) transference.  Final Examination      28) Research on early memories A) shows that they are not important, and that Adler’s predictions were not con- firmed.B) has not beenC) confirms that they correlate with many D) shows that early memories are usually inaccurate.  29) Which phrase did Adler use to refer to people who do not develop in a healthy way? A) retardedB) neurotic misfitsC) mistaken styles of lifeD) psychologically underdeveloped 30) Adler categorized delinquents as                type people. A) brutalB) gettingC) rulingD) aggressive  31) Adler recommended that parents should A) indulge theirB) teach their children about sex C) avoid pampering their children.D) punish any early signs of homosexuality.  32) The most favorable birth order, according to Adler, is the A) youngest B) first-born.C) second-born. D) only  33) Adler’s major criterion for psychological health is A) creativity.B) the absence of anxiety.C) high achievement in D) social interest.  Final Examination      34) Adlerian therapy aims to increase people’s A) socialB) ability to recall C) self-disclosure.D)  35) The term “family constellation” refers to A) the number, age, and sex ofB) the fact that grandparents are also important in determining personality. C) the family’s beliefs about who is the “star.”D) the genetics of personality.  36) In his epigenetic principle, Erikson compared development with A) an actor or actress learning a B) the biological development of a fetus. C) the spiritual development of a soul.D) the motion of objects as described in 37) In Erikson’s third psychosocial stage, the child acts in a(n)                 mode. A) incorporativeB) intrusiveC) incompetentD) selfish  38) According to Erikson’s theory, a sense of inferiority is particularly likely to develop during the                stage of development. A) second B) fourth C) thirdD) fifth  39) Teenagers who are rebellious, nonconforming, and philosophically concerned are typical of those in the category of                on Marcia’s measure. A) MoratoriumB) Identity AchieverC) ForeclosureD) Identity Diffusion  Final Examination      40) Research finds that people are more likely to be concerned with helping other people, through work or political activity or social activism, if they are high in A) integrity. B) autonomy. C)D) generativity.  41) According to Erikson, the crisis of infancy is A) life orB) autonomy or C) eat or throw up.D) trust or  42) The experience of basic anxiety is the feeling of being                in a poten- tially helpless world. A) loved but challengedB) armed and dangerousC) responsible and in chargeD) isolated and helpless  43) Which of the following is not one of the three interpersonal orientations de- scribed by Horney? A) moving alongsideB) moving againstC) moving awayD) moving toward  44) People who adopt the resignation solution are seeking A) self-actualization. B)C) mastery. D)  Final Examination      45)  Culture, according to Horney, encourages women to develop A) fear of B) fear of men.C) fear of D) fear of success.  46) Research on the relationship between sex role orientation and mental health shows that A) psychological femininity is associated with higher mental health in women, but not inB) psychological masculinity is associated with higher mental health in both sexes.C) psychological masculinity is associated with higher mental health in men, but not inD) psychological femininity is associated with higher mental health in both  47) Which interpersonal orientation(s) does a healthy person use, according toHorney? A) moving toward, against, and awayB) moving away, but not toward or against C) moving toward, but not against or away D) moving against, but not toward or away  48)  Allport grew up in A)B) an C) India.D) the American  49) Allport described                traits as traits that are possessed by only one person. A) common B) individual C) cardinalD) central  Final Examination      50) Secondary traits describe ways in which A) people try to get their own way in competitive B) personality can be measured by questionnaire.C) people are inferior toD) people are consistent, but in ways that affect few  51) According to Allport, there is little personality change after age                   years. A)30B)18C)5D)3  52) Instead of “intrinsic  religious orientation,” Batson suggests that “                ”leads people to non-judgmental concern for helping others. A) ChristianityB) religious fundamentalismC) religion as questD) extrinsic religious orientation  53) In their classic study of rumor transmission, Allport and Postman found that A) eyewitnesses are more accurate than is generally B) rumor transmission cannot be studied in the laboratory.C) often a black was reported, wrongly, to have been holding a D) rumors increase the amount of violence, the more they are retold. 54) A               procedure predicts behavior from several variables at once. A) statisticalB) correlationalC) MAVAD) multivariate  Final Examination      55) Cattell thought that                 factors were required to make good prediction of behavior. A)16B)2C)10D)5  56) Constitutional, dynamic source traits such as anger, curiosity, and fear are called A) B) attitudes.C) D) ergs.  57) Connie is imaginative and artistic, and more liberal and broad-minded than most people. The factor that best describes her is A) agreeablenessB) neuroticism C) extraversion D) openness  58) Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and posi- tive emotions are                of extraversion. A) facetsB) oppositesC) operational definitionsD) invalidation  59) Cattell’s major contribution has been to A) social psychology. B) psychotherapy.C) interview D) measurement.  Final Examination      60) Evolutionary theory has implications for A)B) sexual behavior. C)D) all of the above  61) The sexes differ in attitudes toward sexual promiscuity, according to evolu- tionary theory, because of A) parental uncertainty.B) differences in the age of puberty. C) differences in parental D) different social norms.  62) Evolution selects for parents who A) abuse their B) nurture their children. C) have only one child.D) adopt  63) High levels of BIS activity are associated with A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. B) anxiety.C) criminal behavior. D) all of the above  64) In J. A. Gray’s theory, low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are associ- ated with A)B) goal-directed behavior. C) reward dependency.D) harm  Final Examination      65) Tiger Woods’ ability to hit a golf ball well is an example of which component of the Basic Behavioral Repertoire? A) Language-Cognitive B) Motor-Conditional C) Sensory-MotorD) Emotional-Motivational  66) Matthew has learned to tease his little sister, Jane. When he first meets his cousin, Sarah, he teases her, too. What learning concept best explains this teasing of Sarah? A) discriminationB) negative reinforcementC) generalizationD) ratio schedule reinforcement  67) A shortcoming of continuous reinforcement is that it produces learning that is A) difficult toB) impossible to generalize to new C) not measurable by observers.D) not resistant to  68) The first step in behavior modification is A) making a functional analysis of the behavior to be B) selecting a reinforcer.C) deciding on a schedule of D) extinguishing the undesirable behavior.  69) Staats developed a theory called  A)B) behavioral psychology.C) psychological D) repertory psychoanalysis.  Final Examination      70) In addition to Freud’s first three psychosexual stages, Dollard andMiller described a fourth stage, concerned with conflict over  A) sex B) playmates. C) siblings.D) anger.   71) Dollard and Miller postulated that interfering with an organism’s be- havior which would reduce a drive (for example, preventing a hungry animal from eating) would produce A) B) apathy.C)D) discrimination   72) Language is, for Dollard and Miller, the key to understanding Freudian                processes.  A) superegoB) idC) egoD) defensive   73) Expressing difficult emotions by writing about them has been shown to  A) increase physical healthB) reduce feelings of anxietyC) reduce feelings of depressionD) all of the above   74) Miller and Dollard suggested that “in order to learn, one must want some- thing, notice something,               something, and get something.” A) decideB) doC) giveD) ask for  Final Examination      75) The term consistency paradox refers to A) the paradox that most personality theories seem to be saying the same thing, only in differentB) the challenge of understanding how people can develop across a lifetime yet still remainC) the discrepancy between research, which shows that people act differently in different situations, and common sense, which says they areD) people’s efforts to seem consistent to other  76) Delay of gratification is easier if A) the child sees models who delay their own B) the rewards are visible.C) the child thinks about how good the reward D) all of the above  77) Bandura and colleagues demonstrated that children can learn                   through modeling. A) arbitrary playful behaviorsB) performance standardsC) aggressionD) all of the above  78) In his studies of film-mediated aggression, children watched models behave aggressively toward A)B) a Bobo C) animals.D) other  79) In his studies of aggressive behavior, Bandura found that A) children increased their aggression if the model was punished for being ag- gressive.B) children stopped their aggression if it led to physical injury. C) boys were more aggressive thanD) children imitated live models, but not models seen on  Final Examination      80) Kelly’s concept of                helps understand unconscious and emotional experience. A) preemptionB) constructive alternativismC) preverbal constructsD) the Dichotomy Corollary  81) According to Sherry, “Most people are selfish.” Her therapist asks her, “What are the other people like, the ones who are not selfish?” The therapist is ask- ing about the                      . A) concrete constructB) contrast pole C) likeness pole D) core construct  82) ”Slot-movement” refers to A) role changes, such as moving from being a student to being an B) gambling.C) radical changes, such as from atheist to “born-again ” D) a method for scoring personality tests. 83) What is the third phase of the C-P-C cycle? A) calibrationB) controlC) circumspectionD) counting  84) In order to have a relationship with someone, according to Kelly’s SocialityCorollary, you must A) have the same personal B) mutually trust one another.C) mutually respect one another.D) understand that person’s construct system (or be understood by that person).  Final Examination      85) When people are emotionally disturbed or criminals, Rogers blamed A) bad genetic B) their parents.C) socialD) them for a lack of will power.  86) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fully functioning person, according to Rogers? A) creativityB) openness to experienceC) the experience of freedomD) adaptation to others’ expectations  87) Which of the following was not one of the characteristics of a fully function- ing person listed by Rogers? A) creativityB) existential livingC) openness to experienceD) social interest  88) Rogers called his therapeutic method A) self-actualization therapy. B) revisedC) client-centered therapy. D) individualized therapy.  89) A person who is “metamotivated” A) is in the middle of the need hierarchy.B) is passive and receptive, rather thanC) feels determined by forces beyond his or her D) is trying to restore homeostasis.  Final Examination      90) Which of the following characteristics is typical of D-love? A) facilitation of each partner’s growthB) independence for both partnersC) jealousyD) self-actualization 91) Maslow described self-actualized people as thinking like a(n) A) psychologist.B) C) scientist. D) artist.  92) People who score high on self-actualization are also likely to score high on various measures of A) mental B) mental health. C) sexual guilt.D) alcohol  93) Karma refers to A) intentional, willful activity.B) the selfless ideal ofC) good or bad consequences for our D) detachment.  94) Buddhism describes               moments of perception. A)25B)5C)17D)10  95) Attending to the first levels in the moments of perception (those things that are below traditional levels of conscious attention) is called                 . A) anattaB) perceptual yearning C) focused awareness D) pure awareness  Final Examination      96) Uri has been meditating for many years. What is likely true about his psycho logical state? A) He has low levels of ego development B) He has higher moral reasoning C) He has a constant identity crisis.D) He lacks coping  97) Which of the following theorists described personality adjustment as “devel- oping to your full potential”? A) Freud B) Cattell C) Horney D) Maslow  98) One value that some people seek in personality theory, but that is not listed by the text as a criterion of a good theory, is A) appliedB) optimism about human C) comprehensiveness.D) verifiability. 99) Rogers’s “actualizing tendency” is based upon a(n)               metaphor. A) mechanisticB) information processingC) organicD) political  100) The approach that advocates combining various theories into one systematic whole is called A)B) unified theory. C)D) none of the above