What are “caller-saved” and “callee-saved” registers? Where, and when are they saved / restored?

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What are “caller-saved” and “callee-saved” registers? Where, and when are they saved / restored?
What are the various system calls used for managing processes? Briefly (in one or 2 lines) explain each of them.
What are they 3 main user-space memory regions of a process? What are the 3 main kernel space memory contents of each process?
What is a trapframe? Where does it reside?
Explain the differences between a mode switch and a context switch. When does mode switching occur? When does context switching occur?
What are the hardware features necessary for virtualizing the processor? What are the hardware features necessary for virtualizing memory?
What is the difference between long-term and short-term scheduling?
A process with a run-time of 12 time units that started at time 5 ended at time 36. What are the completion times, turnaround times and wait times for the process?
What are the 3 broad goals of process scheduling policies? Briefly describe the advantages and limitations of a) STCP, b) RR, and c) Ticket based approaches, towards achieving the 3 goals
How does MLFQ achieve short response time? How does it counter the possibility of starvation? How does it differentiate between I/O-bound and CPU-bound jobs?
How can a process game the system if MLFQ is used without anti-gaming measures? How does MLFQ address this?
How does CFS deal with different priorities for different processes?

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