Capstone Project

Topic: Alzheimer’s disease
Disciplinary Approaches: 1) biology 2) epidemiology 3) etiology 4) physiology
Sources: 20 peer reviewed sources (5 for each approach).
Format: in-text and bibliography Citation format CSE, 10 double spaced pages, font style times new roman, font size 12.
All other instructions are posted in file.

To make it easier for you I have written and provided all 20 sources in the file (attached), which means that you don’t have to spend time looking for correct sources.
……
Please bid if you can do justice to this assignment and follow all instructions.
I am an old customer here and I usually get really good writers, but in last few weeks I had a few bad experiences that is why I want to make a few points clear… Before you bid.
This is a time based assignment which means it must be written within due time.
Most importantly: Usually a few writers here write very bad papers and then ask for more attempts… they don’t follow instructions, ignore most important steps from the guidelines, and waste customers’ time which is not acceptable.
Please be professional and write what customer instructed and to do justice with research papers please utilize the given time correctly and completely!!
If accepted then bid.
Thank You!

CAPSTONE  PROJECT: This  project  will  begin  with  a  question  or  a  hypothesis relevant to  Human  Biology  and  scrutinize  the  claims and  perspectives forwarded  in  peer-reviewed scientific  literature.

I have conducted research  on  the  topic and developed  a few questions to  investigate.

Here is the topic and approaches required for this paper:

The capstone project herein examines Alzheimer’s disease. The project intends to find answers to three questions. One, what biological markers have been found that might indicate the presence of Alzheimer’s disease in human beings? Two, what are the main causes of Alzheimer’s disease? Three, what are the risks for developing Alzheimer’s disease? Biological perspectives will be used to establish the biological markers that might indicate the presence of Alzheimer’s disease in humans. This project will employ the principles of Etiology to explore the probable causes of the condition, including lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors, together with a combination of age-related brain changes. The project will undertake Epidemiological principles as a discipline to study the risk factors and incidence of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, concepts in Physiotherapy (Exercise) will help to explore the impact of excising in the management of Alzheimer’s disease.

In above paragraph: First sentence introduces the topic in general terms. Second sentence poses three questions my project will answer about the topic. Third part are four separate sentences.  These sentences list the four disciplinary approaches that my project will take to investigate the topic and answer the questions I posed.  Disciplinary approaches are underlined.

You can focus on different questions too but they should only be related to the topic “Alzheimer’s Disease” and given approaches.

Other Example  questions  are: What is  the  cause on Alzheimer’s disease? What is the history  and  culture  of  science  and  medicine related to Alzheimer’s disease? Why  is  there cultural  variation? Are  rates  of this disease  related  to  lifestyle  factors? What is  the origin  of  Alzheimer’s disease? Why  do  humans  differ  in  their resistance/susceptibility  to  diseases?

……

There are total four disciplinary approaches mentioned (biology, etiology, epidemiology, and physiology) and to write this paper you need 20 peer reviewed sources (5 for each approach)

• All of these (20) sources must be utilized.

MOST IMPORTANTLY: You cannot change the topic, approaches, or these 20 peer reviewed sources provided to you.

I explored  multiple  avenues  of  explanation  (or interpretive  perspectives)  of research collaborating  analytically  across  the  disciplinary  spectrum  of  the  major and spent several days on research to find these 20 peer reviewed sources (5 for each approach)

Alzheimer’s Disease (Bibliography)

Here are the 20 peer reviewed sources (5 for each approach mentioned).

BIOLOGICAL:

• Hampel, Harald., Blennow, Kaj., Shaw, Leslie.M., Hoessler, Yvonne.C., Zetterberg, Henrik., and Trojanowski. 2010. “Total and phosphorylated tau protein as biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease.” Experimental gerontology 45.1: 30-40.
• Hampel, Harald., Shen, Yong., Walsh, Dominic. M., Aisen, Paul., Shaw, Les., Zetternberg, Henrik., Trojanowski, John., and Blennow, Kaj .2010. “Biological markers of amyloid β-related mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease.” Experimental neurology 223.2: 334-346.
• Maccioni, Ricardo., Lavados, Manuel., Maccioni, Cristobal., and Mendoza-Naranjo, Ariadna. 2004. “Biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment.” Current Alzheimer Research 1.4: 307-314.
• Silva, Marcos., Loures, Cristina., Alves, Luan., Souza, Leonardo., Borges, Karina., and Carvalho, Maria. 2019. “Alzheimer’s disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures.” Journal of biomedical science 26.1: 33.
• Shen, Yilin., Ye, Bin., Chen, Penghui, Wang, Quan., Fan, Cui., Shu, Yilai., and Xiang, Mingliang. 2018. “Cognitive decline, dementia, alzheimer’s disease and presbycusis: examination of the possible molecular mechanism.” Frontiers in neuroscience 12: 394.

EPIDEMIOLOGY:

• Chan, Kit Yee, et al. (2013). “Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990–2010: a systematic review and analysis.” The Lancet 381.9882: 2016-2023.
• Lindsay, Joan., Sykes, Elizabeth., McDowell, Ian., Verreault, Rene., and Laurin, Danielle (2004). “More than the epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: contributions of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49.2: 83-91.
• McGonigal, Gerard, et al .(1993). “Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s presenile dementia in Scotland, 1974-88.” British Medical Journal 306.6879: 680-683.
• Mielke, Michelle M., Prashanthi Vemuri, and Walter A. Rocca. 2014. “Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: assessing sex and gender differences.” Clinical epidemiology 6: 37.
• Qiu, Chengxuan, Kivipelto, Miia., and Strauss, Eva von. 2009. “Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention.” Dialogues in clinical neuroscience 11.2: 111.

ETIOLOGY:

• Amit, Tamar., Avramovich-Tirosh, Yael., Youdim, Moussa., and Mandel, Silvia. (2008). “Targeting multiple Alzheimer’s disease etiologies with multimodal neuroprotective and neurorestorative iron chelators.” The FASEB Journal 22.5: 1296-1305.
• Eikelenboom, Piet, et al. (2012). “Innate immunity and the etiology of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.” Neurodegenerative Diseases 10.1-4: 271-273.
• Grant, William B., Campbell, Arezoo., Itzhaki, Ruth., and Savory, John. (2002). “The significance of environmental factors in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 4.3: 179-189.
• Peric, Aleksandar, and Wim, Annaert. (2015). “Early etiology of Alzheimer’s disease: tipping the balance toward autophagy or endosomal dysfunction?” Acta neuropathologica 129.3: 363-381.
• Sochocka, Marta., Katarzyna, Zwolinska, and Jerzy Leszek. (2017). “The infectious etiology of Alzheimer’s disease.” Current neuropharmacology 15.7: 996-1009.

PHYSIOLOGY (PHYSIOTHERAPY – EXERCISE):

• Jia, Rui-xia., Liang, Jing-hong., Xu, Yong., and Wang, Ying-Quan. 2019. “Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis.” BMC geriatrics 19.1: 181.
• Santana-Sosa, E., Barriopedro, M.I., Lopez-Morajes, L.M., Perez, M., and Lucia, A.2008. “Exercise training is beneficial for Alzheimer’s patients.” International journal of sports medicine 29.10: 845.
• Teri, Linda, et al. 2003. “Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial.” Jama 290.15: 2015-2022.
• Vreugdenhil, A., Cannell, J., Davies, A., & Razay, G. (2012). A community‐based exercise program to improve functional ability in people with Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 26(1), 12-19.
• Wittwer, Joanne E., Winbolt, Margaret, and Morris, Meg E. 2019. “Home-Based Gait Training Using Rhythmic Auditory Cues in Alzheimer’s Disease: Feasibility and Outcomes.” Frontiers in Medicine 6.

…

The  Capstone  Project  comprises  two  parts:

• Part One  is  a  Paper (i.e.,  8  pages,  double-spaced,  with  separate sections  for  your  Introduction,  various  disciplinary  perspectives  and/or  thematic  subheadings  of  the paper,  and  a  complete  bibliography).
• Part Two  is  a  Case  Study  Presentation,  in  which you will present your Capstone  Project research  to  the  rest of the  Presentations  should take  the  form  of an  academic  TED  Talk, and  must include  a  visual aid.   Creativity  is  encouraged! You  should  plan  (and practice/rehearse)  your  presentation  to  be  7  minutes  and  leave  an  additional  1  minute  to  take a  question  from  the  audience  (max  8  minutes  total  for your Case Study Presentation).

….

‼️Please do not make this paper wordy by repeating information or by writing unnecessary or irrelevant information. Please make sure that you write about important details, rather than writing generally about basic information. Proof read the paper, make no grammar/spelling/punctuation mistakes. “Do not waste your reader’s time” write intelligently by providing right and important information. You cannot use any source other than what I’ve provided and mentioned. Do not get or copy paste anything from google and please write in your own words. Write a plagiarism free paper. In the end please submit your turnitin report.

GUIDELINES  FOR REFERENCES:

SOURCES  FOR  YOUR PAPER: The sources that you use for your paper are all peer-reviewed journals  or  edited volumes. Most of these are from scientific journals and they all are draw from disciplines such as etiology, biology, epidemiology, physiology.  Regardless of  the  field,  these  sources are from  academic  journals  and books NOT textbooks, blogs, or newspaper articles.

CITING  SOURCES: When you are writing a paper, anytime you use an idea or a source that is not your own you must tell the reader about that source. If you do not cite sources properly, it is plagiarism. For  this paper,  you should use in-text citation.

For example: •  The Plio-pleistocene colobines were quite large bodied with many weighing between thirty and sixty kilograms, certainly much larger than any  of  the  colobines that are alive today  (Delson et  al.,  2000).

The format for in-text or parenthetical citation is always as follows:

• (Author’s last name, year of article)

For one author:

• (Smith, 2004)

For two authors:

• (Smith and Brown, 2004)

For more than two authors you can just list the first author and then the abbreviation  et  al.  (This  is short for  et  alia  and it means “and everyone else” in Latin.)

• (Delson et al., 2000)

For two or more sources, separate each citation with a semicolon, and list each citation  chronologically  by year.   If two sources are published in the same year, list alphabetically:

• (Rowe, 1996; Groves, 2001; Mayer and Brown, 2001).

Occasionally,  you might  introduce the author  in  the sentence  itself,  particularly if  you  are discussing theories (rather  than  just  data) that  are being  advocated by the author(s).    In that case,  include  the year  (or years, if more than one source) after  the  name of the  author  in  parentheses.   For  example:

• Lovejoy (1981, 2009) argues for the provisioning model of bipedalism.

The purpose of this style is to convey all the information  needed to  look up the source in the bibliography and no more.   Unless it is absolutely germane to your argument, do NOT include  extra  information  in  the body  of the  paper  (first name, journal name, institutions, etc.)  as this  just takes  up  space and is all included  in the bibliography.

• NO o “Harvard anthropologist Daniel Lieberman in his 2014 book “The Story  of  the Human Body” argues…”
• YES o “Lieberman (2014) argues….”
• NO o “In their 2014 Nature paper, a team of scientists, led by Dr. Mary Smith,  Ph.  D.,  from  the University  of  Illinois  found  that…”
• YES o “Smith et al. (2014) found that…”

Annotated bibliography Guidelines:

Bibliography FORMAT

After  you have cited  an article or a book in the body of your paper you must also include  it  in  your  bibliography  (sometimes  called “works cited”  or “references”), listed  alphabetically  by  first  author.  It  is  important  that you give all the information  you  can about an article or book so that the person reading your paper knows exactly where you got your information.  For this paper, please use a version of CSE, examples of which are shown below. This is  the format that many journals in the sciences use. Different academic disciplines  have  different  formats  so  look closely  and  adhere to  this one.  Please note,  unlike the in-text  citations,  ALL  authors  must be listed  in the bibliography, even  if there  are  three  or  more authors  for  a  source.

For  an article in  a journal: Author’s  Last  Name,  Author’s First  and Middle Initials.  (Year) Title of  Article. Journal Title Volume:  page numbers.

Frost,  S.R.  and  Delson,  E.  (2002)  Fossil  Cercopithecidae  from the Hadar formation and surrounding areas of the Afar  Depression, Ethiopia.  Journal of Human Evolution  43:  687-748.

For  an article in  an edited book:

Author’s Last  Name,  Author’s First  and Middle Initials.  (Year)  Title of Chapter.  In: Editor’s  names (eds.)  Title  of  the Book. Place of  Publication: Publisher, pp. pages of chapter.

Benefit,  B.R.  (1999)  Biogeography,  dietary  specialization,  and  the  diversification of  African  Plio-Pleistocene  monkeys.  In  T.G.  Bromage  and F.  Schrenk (eds.) African  Biogeography, Climate  Change,  & Human Evolution.  New York: Oxford University  Press, pp.  172-188.

For  a book: Author’s Last  Name,  Author’s First  Name.  (Year)  Title of the  Book.  Place of Publication:  Publisher.

Gould, S. J. (1993).  Eight  Little Piggies.  New  York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.

For a website or database: Some students will use data from databases such as those listed  elsewhere in the Capstone guide.   Often, these databases provide  explicit  guidance for  how they wish to be cited. For example the UN FAO has a database called FAOSTAT (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data). There is  a “Terms and Conditions” link  that expressly  states  how they wish to be cited:  (http://www.fao.org/contactus/terms/en/).    The  NYC  epiquery  website has a specific  suggestion  for  citation: (https://a816-healthpsi.nyc.gov/epiquery/).    Without  this  guidance, follow  this  guide: Title  of  database.    Retrieved date, from web  address. OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.   Retrieved December 10, 2015, from http://www.omim.org/entry/266200.

CHOOSING  APPROPRIATE  SOURCES

Journals How can you tell a peer-reviewed journal?   Here are a few tell-tale signs: •  The author’s affiliation  is listed, and (usually) that affiliation  is  a university  or well-known research center (such as the National Institute of Health). •  There is an abstract •  They will cite other papers, both in-text and by including a complete bibliography (aka, works cited or reference list) at the end.   They will have a significant  number  of sources. •  And of course you can always check the journal’s webpage.   In their statement about the journal, you should see the words “peer-reviewed” somewhere in there.

Edited Volumes Edited volumes are books that contain collections of original scientific work from multiple authors.    Therefore, if you do not see an  editor or the individual chapters are not  written  by  different  authors,  that  is  a red  flag.   Unlike  journal  articles,  there may not be an abstract, but all other parts hold true. •  The author’s affiliation will  be included in the book.   It may not appear in the article  itself,  but  if  you  check  the  table  of  contents  you  should  be  able  to see a “Contributors” chapter (or something similar) which will list  all authors and  affiliations. •  The authors will cite other literature extensively.   Usually the bibliography is included  at  the end  of each chapter, but this is not always the case and just one bibliography for all the chapters will be included at the end.

OTHER NOTES

• Occasionally Google Scholar will provide you with a pdf of an article or book chapter, but gives no information on where it comes.   When this happens, students  will  often  just  give  me the webpage.   But here is a better way.   Click on the “Cited by…” link below the article.   This will give you a list of  everyone that  has  cited  that  source.    Pick  one from the list to see how they cite that article.   This  should  give  you  all  the  needed  information.

• Pay close attention to how things are capitalized and formatted in articles – this  will  let  you  know how to properly format these terms in your own paper.  For example, taxonomic names (e.g., Australopithecus afarensis vs. australopithecines)  or  names  of  genes  (e.g.,  HTR1A)  all  have specific  rules about whether to  capitalize  and/or  italicize  and  this  can  be  confusing.    When in  doubt, consult your sources to see how they did it.
• Make sure they are related to the topic and the approaches (5 for each approach).