Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare (ethics)

Deadline: 12/05/2020

Number of Pages: 12

Final Essay Outline

Project: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Thesis statement:

The thesis statement of my final essay is Artificial Intelligence in the Healthcare market may not be so ethical. We need to fully analyze the advanced technology and make sure we leave no room for the technology to negatively impact our healthcare system. I want to focus on how AI has changed the healthcare market in both positive and negative ways.

PLEASE USE THIS ESSAY OUTLINE AND RERENECES INDICATED BELLOW. ALSO FEEL FREE TO USE OTHER RESOUCES AS NEEDED.

• Abstract
• The history of AI in healthcare, the current use cases / examples, and the future outlook (long term implications)
• Major companies in healthcare AI and their reputation in the society. Are they socially responsible companies? Can we trust them?
• The ethics of AI in healthcare / ethical complexities. What issues we need to address before allowing the sophisticated tech into our system?
• AI and patient privacy / data. Should we also educate patients about the role of AI in healthcare
• How should future AI be developed and implemented to reflect patient care. The “good AI”. AI as a complementary not a replacement for doctors.
• The importance of AI in healthcare in detecting diseases faster than doctors. Why we need it?
• AI and Covid -19. Can AI “save” our lives in a pandemic time?

REFERENCES WITH SUMMARY

• Begoli E, Bhattacharya T, Kusnezov D. The need for uncertainty quantification in machine-assisted medical decision making. Nat Mach Intel. 2019; 1 : 20 – 3.

The article discusses the issues of delegating the decision making to machines in the field of medicine. It addresses the importance of deploying the principle of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) to avoid faulty decisions of intelligent machines. UQ is a scientific method used to reduce uncertainties in computational and real-world applications. The article insists that the use of UQ methodology will help reduce risks of using AI in medical decision making.

The content of this article is quite significant because it treats the challenges that the AI technology can present when adopted in the field of medicine. The main goal of the text to show how we can achieve a safe use of AI learning in making medical decisions, and one suggested way to do that is through the adoption of Uncertainty Quantification method to test and evaluate the functionality of AI-powered machines.

I think this is a valuable source to consider when answering the question of whether it is safe to let AI make decisions on the domain medicine where the human safety is at stake. The assay argues that medical decision is one of the challenging areas to see an effective adoption of AI due to the uncertainty of its impact on public health.

• Machine Ethics, edited by Michael Anderson, and Susan Leigh Anderson, Cambridge University Press, 2011. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.libdb.njit.edu:8443/lib/njit/detail.action?docID=691859.

This source is about machine ethics. It explains why new technological researchers are concerned about developing machine with ethics. The book argues that artificial intelligence researchers want to create morals for machines because they try to resolve the ethical dilemmas they might encounter, enabling them to function in an ethically responsible manner through their own ethical decision making.

This book has valuable information that I will need for project to straighten my argument about ethics of Artificial Intelligence in health care. This book discusses a new subject of research in technology which is machine ethics. It shows how important is to develope machine ethics for the purpose of giving them the ability to resolve the ethical dilemmas they might face while making decisions.

It is very helpful book to learn about new technology research that aims to create ethical machines. The idea of creating machine ethics will reduce the safeguard risks but it will increase the intensity of some societal issues including unemployment.

• Morley, M. (2020). The ethics of AI in health care: A mapping review. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 260, 113172–113172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113172

This source highlights the ethics of artificial intelligence in healthcare. The text discusses some ethical issues include epistemic, normative, or related to traceability. This ethical issue can affect individuals, relationships, groups, institutions, sectors, societies. An agreed standard for ethical analysis is needed; split by issue and level.

This a distinctive source in terms criticizing the use of AI in health care. It provides an insightful information to understand of how AI can present many risks in health care and what are issues must policymakers, regulators and developers consider if they are willing to create systems that integrate AI technology.

• van Wynsberghe, R. (2018). Critiquing the Reasons for Making Artificial Moral Agents. Science and Engineering Ethics, 25(3), 719–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0030-8

This article highlights the ethics of using robots in healthcare. The article criticizes the point of view of some academics from machine ethics who demands making robots endowed with moral reasoning capabilities to be used in healthcare treatments. The robots endowed with moral capabilities are described as artificial moral agents AMA. Some of the given reasons for developing AMAs include prevention of harm and better understanding of human morality. Some criticism to the idea of creating moral robots would be the high cost of the project and whom to assign the moral responsibility of the robot’s behaviors.

The paper by Van Wynsberghe is a useful resource which would be enhance the discussion about robots and ethics in healthcare. It discusses the concept of artificial moral agents which refer to robots endowed with moral capabilities to serve healthcare operations. This article serves as feedback to machine ethicists demanding that they give good reasons for building moral robots.

This is would be a valuable resource to consider when discussing the ethical issues of robots in healthcare. This is good reference to answer a question like it is ethical to have a robot perform a surgery on a human being?

• Robbins, S. (2019). AI and the path to envelopment: knowledge as a first step towards the responsible regulation and use of AI-powered machines. AI & Society, 35(2), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00891-1

This source takes into consideration on regulation aspects of AI-powered machines. It focuses on the importance of opening the “black box” which is a methodology to test results of modern machines learning algorithms to understand the reasoning behind their decisions. The article also sheds light on the importance of putting regulations on AI of machines to prevent its harm on humans.

The article is an interesting source because it shows us how important it is to make regulations on AI-powered machines. This article introduces us to some ethical issues that might result from machines impowered by AI. The goal of this paper centers on the significance of policy guidelines to harness the power of AI before its utilization in order to avoid negative ethical and societal impacts

The article has valuable information for my project about Artificial Intelligence in the Healthcare. The text will assist in defining some ethical challenges the AI-powered machine might present to society. It will be also helpful to define some solution that needs to be put in place to avoid the misuses of AI.

• Lemke HU, Melzer A. Back to the roots of AI and their relevance for health care today. Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies. 2019;28(2):65-68. doi:10.1080/13645706.2019.1596955

This article highlights the different technology techniques introduced into healthcare to solve some problems that have been around for so long. Artificial Intelligence helps in many ways including patient data management in therapeutical environment. Although AI proves a significance in the domain of clinical applications, the text argues that AI addresses critical questions. The first is what qualifies a technology to be considered artificial intelligence. Second is what information technology tools are of particular relevance for applying Machine Intelligence (MI) in radiology and surgery. The third question is how information technology tools for MI can be applied to improve clinical workflow and/or patient outcome. The fourth and fifth are related to impact and implications of mathematical methods and algorithms of AI in the domain of clinical applications.

The content of this assay is useful because it underlines both the importance and implication of AI in patient data management in therapeutical environment. The importance of this source compared to other source that it identifies the advantages and weaknesses of AI which indicates that it is not a biased source.